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Hitler appointed German chancellor, gets dictatorial powers. Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi terror begins. Germany and Japan
withdraw from League of Nations. Giuseppe Zangara executed for attempted assassination of president-elect Roosevelt in which
Chicago mayor Cermak is fatally shot. Roosevelt inaugurated (the only thing we have to fear is fear itself); launches New
Deal. Prohibition repealed. USSR recognized by U.S.
The term Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus) refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the
Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler; and the policies adopted by the government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, a period also
known as the Third Reich. The official name of the Nazi party was the National Socialist German Workers' Party, (German: Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterparteior NSDAP). Nazism was the main form of National Socialism that emerged after World War I, and is generally
considered by scholars to be a form of fascism.
Nazism was not a monolithic movement, but rather a (mainly German) combination of various ideologies and groups, sparked
by anger at the Treaty of Versailles and what was considered to have been a Jewish/Communist conspiracy (known in the vernacular
as the Dolchstoßlegende or "Stab-in-the-Back Legend") to humiliate Germany at the end of the First World War
October 29, 1929, was a dark day in history. "Black Tuesday" is the day that the stock market crashed, officially
setting off the Great Depression. Unemployment skyrocketed--a quarter of the workforce was without jobs by 1933 and many people
became homeless. President Herbert Hoover attempted to handle the crisis but he was unable to improve the situation. In 1932,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president and he promised a "New Deal" for the American people. Congress created
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) which offered work relief for thousands of people.
The end to the Great Depression came about in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. America sided with Britain,
France and the Soviet Union against Germany, Italy, and Japan. The loss of lives in this war was staggering. The European
part of the war ended with Germany's surrender in May 1945. Japan surrendered in September 1945, after the U.S. dropped atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Nazi ideology drew on the racist doctrines of the comte de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, on the nationalism of
Heinrich von Treitschke, and on the hero-cult of Friedrich Nietzsche, often transforming the ideas of these thinkers. Nazi
dogma, partly articulated by Hitler in Mein Kampf, was elaborated by the fanatical Alfred Rosenberg. Vague and mystical, it
was not a system of well-defined principles but rather a glorification of prejudice and myth with elements of nihilism. Its
mainstays were the doctrines of racial inequality and of adherence to the leader, or Führer; its constant theme was nationalist
expansion.
Prohibition in the United States refers to attempts to legally ban alcohol sales and consumption. The term often refers specifically
to the period from 1920 to 1933, during which alcohol sale, manufacture and transportation were banned throughout the United
States as mandated in the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Prohibition can also encompass the antecedent
religious and political temperance movements calling for sumptuary laws to end or encumber alcohol use
The Eternal Jew (or The Wandering Jew) was directed by Fritz Hippler at the insistence of German Minister of Propaganda Joseph
Goebbels, though the writing is credited to Eberhard Taubert. The movie is done in the style of a documentary, the central
thesis being the immutable racial personality traits that characterize the Jew as a wandering cultural parasite. Throughout
the film, these traits are contrasted to the Nazi state ideal: While Aryan men find satisfaction in physical labour and the
creation of value, Jews only find pleasure in money and a hedonist lifestyle.
Wallis Simpson was the American divorcee for whom King Edward VIII gave up the throne of Great Britain. She met the future
king (then Prince of Wales) early in the 1930s and a few years later they became lovers, though she remained married to her
second husband, businessman Ernest Simpson. Matters came to a head when Edward became king in 1936. Simpson filed for divorce
from her husband, but the royal family and the British government would not allow Edward to marry her. In December Edward
stepped down as king, saying in a radio broadcast "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility
and to discharge my duties as king as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love." They were
married in France on 3 June 1937, becoming the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, and spent the rest of their lives in exile from
England, living mainly in France and the United States. In 2003 the British government released documents showing that while
she was involved with Edward in the years before he became king,
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Nazis lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag seats. Famine in USSR. In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance
Corporation to stimulate economy. Veterans march on Washington most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others
removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur. U.S. protests Japanese aggression in Manchuria. Amelia Earhart is first woman to
fly Atlantic solo. Charles A. Lindbergh's baby son kidnapped, killed. (Bruno Richard Hauptmann arrested in 1934, convicted
in 1935, executed in 1936.)
The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find
a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression.
The decade started off economically unsteady, with the stock market dropping late in 1929. However, late in 1930, stocks
and the economy dropped more, and this time it didn't become better. Many people blammed then President Herbert Hoover for
the things that were happing in the economy, along with the GReat Depression. People began to feel the effects of the plunging
stock market in 1931, and the situation grew progressively worse until reaching the low point in 1933. The gloomy conditions
that arose led to a rise of political extremes btween ultra-conservatism and radical political particies. After 1933, the
economy began a gradual recovery which wouldn't reach the level of prosperity of 1930 until World War II. In both Central
Europe and Eastern Europe, Fascism, Nazism, and Stalinism dominated as the solution to these problems: the first two adopted
war-oriented economic policies while the latter adopted sweepinf industrialisation programmes such as Stalin's Five Year Plans,
all of them described as totalitarian regimes. In East Asia, the rise of militarism occurred.
In Western Europe, Australia and the United States, more progressive reforms occurred as opposed to the extreme measures
sought elsewhere. Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to use government spending to combat large-scale unemployment and severely
negative growth. Ultimately, it would be the beginning of World War II in 1939 that would end the depression.
According to Nazi dogma, races could be scientifically classified as superior and inferior. The highest racial type was the
Nordic, or Germanic, type of the Aryan race, while blacks and Jews were at the bottom of the racial ladder. Intermarriage
contributed to the deterioration of the superior race, and the Jews, knowing this, had furthered prostitution and seduction
to defile the Germans. Consequently only small islands of the pure remained, but it was their destiny to govern their inferiors
and, through scientific breeding, to extend the master race and limit inferior races.
All Quiet on the Western Front is an Academy Award-winning film based on the Erich Maria Remarque novel All Quiet on the Western
Front. It was directed by Lewis Milestone, and stars Louis Wolheim, Lew Ayres, John Wray, Arnold Lucy and Ben Alexander.
Released in 1930 (see 1930 in film), it is considered a realistic and harrowing account of war and World War I, and was
named #54 on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies. However, it was removed from the top 100 list in the 2007 revision. Also,
in 1990, this film was selected and preserved by the United States Library of Congress' National Film Registry as being deemed
"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
The end to the Great Depression came about in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. America sided with Britain, France
and the Soviet Union against Germany, Italy, and Japan. The loss of lives in this war was staggering. The European part of
the war ended with Germany's surrender in May 1945. Japan surrendered in September 1945, after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Nazis produced a number of films to promote their views. Themes included the virtues of the Nordic or Aryan type, German
military and industrial strength, and the evils of the Nazi enemies. On March 11, 1933 The Third Reich established a Ministry
of Propaganda, appointing Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda. On September 22, a Department of Film was incorporated
into the Chamber of Culture. The department controlled the licensing of every film prior to production. Sometimes the government
would select the actors for a film, financing the production partially or totally, and would grant tax breaks to the producers.
Under Goebbels and Hitler, the German film industry became entirely nationalised. The National Socialist Propaganda Directorate,
which Goebbels oversaw, had at its disposal nearly all film agencies in Germany by 1936. Occasionally certain directors, such
as Wolfgang Liebeneiner, were able to bypass Goebbels by providing him with a different version of the film than would be
released. Such films include those directed by Helmut Käutner: Romanze in Moll (Romance in a Minor Key, 1943), Große Freiheit
Nr. 7 (The Great Freedom, No. 7, 1944), and Unter den Brücken (Under the Bridges, 1945).
Triumph of the Will, by filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. It features
footage of uniformed party members (though relatively few German soldiers), who are marching and drilling to classical melodies.
The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by
Adolf Hitler.
The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. More precisely, Enigma was a family of
related electro-mechanical rotor machines, comprising a variety of different models.
The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services
of a number of nations most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
The German military model, the Wehrmacht Enigma, is the version most commonly discussed. The machine has gained notoriety
because Allied cryptologists were able to decrypt a large number of messages that had been enciphered on the machine. Decryption
was made possible in 1932 by Polish cryptographers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Róycki and Henryk Zygalski from Cipher Bureau. In
mid-1939 reconstruction and decryption methods were delivered from Poland to Britain and France. The intelligence gained through
this source, codenamed ULTRA, was a significant aid to the Allied war effort.
Edward VIII, 1894 1972, king of Great Britain and Ireland (1936), known in later years as the duke of Windsor; eldest son
of George V. He attended the naval colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth and Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1911 he was made prince
of Wales. During World War I he served as a staff officer in France, Italy, and Egypt. Between 1919 and 1936 he made state
trips to the United States, Japan, South America, and the dominions. On the death of his father (Jan., 1936), Edward succeeded
to the throne. He enjoyed immense popularity with his subjects until the crisis precipitated by the announcement of his intention
to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson
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