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JACK THE RIPPER AND THE EAST END
Museum in Docklands is returning to the scene of London's most infamous crimes in Jack the Ripper and the East End, the first
exhibition to explore the Jack the Ripper murders and their enduring legacy.
Criminology is the social-scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. Criminological research areas
include the incidence and forms of crime as well as its causes and consequences. They also include social and governmental
regulations and reactions to crime. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in the behavioral sciences, drawing especially
on the research of sociologists and psychologists, as well as on writings in law. An important way to analyze data is to look
at quantitative methods in criminology. In 1885, Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term "criminology"
(in Italian, criminologia). The French anthropologist Paul Topinard used it for the first time in French (criminologie) around
the same time.
Who are Crimestoppers?
We are an independent charity helping to find criminals and solve crimes.
We have an anonymous phone number, 0800 555 111, that people can call to pass on information about crime; alternatively
people can send us information anonymously via this website, using our Giving Information Form. Callers don't have to give
their name or any personal information and calls cannot be traced.
Tell us what you know, not who you are.
Charles Manson and the Manson Family
On the night of August 8, 1969, Charles "Tex" Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Linda Kasabian were
sent by Charlie to the old home of Terry Melcher at 10050 Cielo Drive. Their instructions were to kill everyone at the house
and make it appear like Hinman's murder, with words and symbols written in blood on the walls. The four did as they were told
and brutally killed Steven Parent, Jay Sebring, Wojciech Frykowski, Abigail Folger, Sharon Tate and Sharon Tate's unborn child.The
next day Manson, Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, Steve Grogan, Leslie Van Houten, and Linda Kasabian went to
the home of Leno and Rosemary Labianca. Manson and Watson tied up the couple and Manson left. He told Van Houten and Krenwinkel
to go in and kill the LaBiancas. The three separated the couple and murdered them, then had dinner and a shower and hitchhiked
back to Spahn Ranch. Manson, Atkins, Grogan and Kasabian drove around looking for others to kill, but failed.
The F B I
The relationship between fear of crime and Media is unclear. To put the dilemma in simple terms: do people fear crime because
a lot of crime is being shown on television or does television just provide footage about crimes because people fear crime
and want to see what's going on? The complex nature of crime could allow the media to exploit social naivety, covering crime
not only selective, but also distorting the everyday world of crime. Some say the media contribute to the climate of fear
that is created, because the actual frequency of victimisation is a tiny fraction of potential crime.
With crime accounting for up to 25 per cent of news coverage, the quality and angle of the coverage becomes an issue.
The media displays violent crime disproportionately, whilst neglecting minor crimes. The profile of offenders in the media
is distorted, causing misunderstanding of criminal offending.
Richard (Dick) Turpin (born September 21, 1705 in Hempstead, Essex died April 7, 1739 in York) was a legendary English rogue
and the most famous historical highwayman. In life Richard Turpin was a violent man who committed offences such as deer stealing,
burglary, highway robbery and probably murder before being executed in York. After his death, as "Dick" Turpin,
he became the subject of legend, and was romanticised as the dashing and heroic highwayman in English ballads and popular
theatre of the 18th and 19th century and later in film and television of the 20th century. There is considerable divergence
between the history and legend of Turpin.
The Crime Museum
The Prisoners Property Act of 1869 gave authority for police to retain certain items of prisoners' property for instructional
purposes, but it was the opening of the Central Prisoners Property Store on 25th April 1874 that provided the opportunity
to start a collection. The store was housed in No. 1 Great Scotland Yard, which was at the rear of the Commissioner's Office
at No. 4, Whitehall Place.
The idea of a crime museum was conceived by an Inspector Neame who had already collected together a number of items, with
the intention of giving police officers practical instruction on how to detect and prevent burglary, and it is certain that
by the latter part of 1874, although it was not described as such, a museum of sorts was in existence. It was later that year
that the official authority was given for a proper crime museum to be opened.
A serial killer is a person who murders three or more people with a 'cooling off' period between each murder and whose motivation
for killing is largely based on psychological gratification. One hypothesis is that all serial killers suffer from some form
of Antisocial Personality Disorder. They are usually not psychotic, and thus may appear to be quite normal and often even
charming, a state of adaptation which Hervey Cleckley calls the "mask of sanity." There is sometimes a sexual element
to the murders. The murders may have been completed/attempted in a similar fashion and the victims may have had something
in common, for example occupation, race, or sex.
The term serial killer is said to have been coined by Michigan State University alumnus and FBI agent Robert Ressler in
the 1970s. Serial killer entered the popular vernacular in large part due to the widely publicized crimes of Ted Bundy and
David Berkowitz in the middle years of that decade.
Bonnie Parker (October 1, 1910 May 23, 1934) and Clyde Barrow (March 24, 1909 May 23, 1934) were notorious outlaws, robbers,
and criminals who traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits were known nationwide. They
captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the "public enemy
era" between 1931 and 1935. Although this couple and their gang were notorious for their bank robberies, Clyde Barrow
preferred to rob small stores or gas stations.
During the 1960s, Ian and his girlfriend, Myra Hindley, sexually abused and murdered young children and teens then buried
their bodies along the Saddleworth Moor, in what became known as the Moor Murders.
Ian Brady's Youth: At an early age Ian Brady was enthralled by the human atrocities that took place in Nazi Germany. His
interest in sadism intensified by reading books on torture and sadomasochism, particularly the writings of Friedrich Nietzche
and Marquis de Sade.
A Troubled Teen: Brady demonstrated an above average intelligence but his laziness shadowed his academic success. He was
placed on probation for a series of small crimes and sent to a borstall, a school for troubled teens. Brady, no longer interested
in making a legitimate living, used the time of his incarceration to educate himself about crime.
Ian Bradley and Myra Hindley Meet: After leaving the borstall he had various jobs, one being at Millwards Merchandising.
It was there that he met Myra Hindley and together they began the horrific torture, rape, and murder of young girls and boys.
Jack Slipper (April 20, 1924 August 24, 2005) was a Detective Chief Superintendent in the Metropolitan Police in London. He
was known as "Slipper of the Yard" (referring to Scotland Yard).
He was mainly known for his role in investigating the Great train robbery in 1963. He became so involved with its aftermath
that he continued to hunt down many of the escaped robbers in retirement. He believed that Ronnie Biggs should not be released
after returning to the UK in 2001 and he regularly appeared in the media to comment on any news item connected to the robbery.
He was also involved in several other cases, including the Massacre of Braybrook Street.
Jack Slipper set up the Robbery Squad, which later merged into the Flying Squad. He was also responsible for Britain's
first "Supergrass" trial in 1973, in which bank robber Bertie Smalls testified against his former associates in
exchange for his own freedom.
In the 1980s - 90s Slipper worked in security for IBM UK, working out of their Greenford, Middlesex offices. He frequented
the Black Horse public house, Harrow Road, Wembley.
Slipper was born in London and joined the Metropolitan Police in 1950. Prior to this he worked as an electrician's apprentice
until 1941, when he enlisted in the Royal Air Force.
He died aged 81 after a long illness.
The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) is a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National
White Collar Crime Center (NW3C), and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA).
IC3's mission is to serve as a vehicle to receive, develop, and refer criminal complaints regarding the rapidly expanding
arena of cyber crime. The IC3 gives the victims of cyber crime a convenient and easy-to-use reporting mechanism that alerts
authorities of suspected criminal or civil violations. For law enforcement and regulatory agencies at the federal, state,
local and international level, IC3 provides a central referral mechanism for complaints involving Internet related crimes.
The Internet Crime Complaint Center
The Great Train Robbery is the name given to a £2.6 million train robbery committed on 8 August 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge,
Ledburn near Mentmore in Buckinghamshire, England.[1] The bulk of the stolen money was not recovered. This was probably the
largest robbery by value, in British history, until the Securitas depot robbery of 2006 in Kent.The Glasgow to London travelling
post office (TPO) train was stopped by a red light at Sears Crossing. The signals had been tampered with, unknown to the driver,
with a glove placed over the green light and a six-volt battery temporarily powering the red one. The co-driver David Whitby
went to call the signalman only to find the telephone cables had been cut. Upon returning to the train, he was thrown down
the embankment of the railway track.
One problem the robbers encountered was that the diesel train was different from the local trains, making it difficult
to operate. One of the robbers had spent months befriending railway staff and familiarising himself with the layout and operation
but it was decided instead to use an experienced train driver, Stan Agate, to drive the train from the stopping point at the
signals to the bridge after uncoupling the unnecessary carriages. Unfortunately, Stan Agate (who was never traced or linked
with the robbery) was unable to operate the train and it was quickly decided that the original driver, Jack Mills, would move
the train down the track. The high-value carriage was decoupled from the others and driven a further half a mile to Bridego
Bridge where the robbers' Land Rovers lay in wait. Stan Agate's participation in the robbery was Ronnie Biggs' only task and
when it became obvious that they were useless they were banished to the awaiting ex-army truck to help load the mail bags.
A 15-member gang, led by Bruce Reynolds and including Biggs, Charlie Wilson, Jimmy Hussey, Roy James, Jimmy White, Tommy
Wisbey, Gordon Goody and Buster Edwards, one of whom was an ex-British Army paratrooper, boarded the train and began to unload
the money sacks into waiting vehicles on the road below the bridge. Although no guns were used, the train driver was hit on
the head with an iron bar, causing a black eye and facial bruising. The assailant was one of two members of the gang who was
never identified. Frank Williams (at the time a Detective Inspector) claims to have traced the man, but he could not be charged
because of lack of evidence. Mills recovered but had constant trauma headaches the rest of his life. He died in 1970 from
leukemia.
Ronald Arthur Biggs better known as Ronnie Biggs (born August 8, 1929) is an English prisoner who is known for escaping from
prison after his minor role in the Great Train Robbery of 1963 and for being on the run for many years. He eventually settled
in Brazil but voluntarily returned to England in 2001.Biggs was born in Lambeth, England. In 1947 Biggs at age 18 joined the
British RAF but was dishonorably discharged in 1949 for desertion and served two years. In 1960 he married Charmian Brent,
with whom he had three sons (one deceased). Biggs is most famous for the Great Train Robbery of 1963. Together with other
gang members, he stole £2.6 million from a mail train. After being convicted and jailed, he escaped from HM Prison Wandsworth
in 1965 by scaling the wall with a rope ladder. He fled to Paris, where he acquired new identity papers and underwent plastic
surgery. In 1970, he quietly moved to Adelaide, South Australia. He worked in Set Construction at Channel 10 when a reporter
recognised him. He then fled to Blackburn North, in Melbourne, Australia, staying for some time before fleeing to Brazil in
the same year. His wife and sons stayed behind in Australia.
In 1974, he was found by the British police in Rio de Janeiro, but could not be extradited because the United Kingdom
did not benefit from reciprocity of extradition to Brazil, a condition for the Brazilian process of extradition. Additionally,
Biggs' then girlfriend (Raimunda de Castro, a nightclub dancer and prostitute) was pregnant; Brazilian law would not allow
the parent of a Brazilian child to be extradited. As a result, Biggs was able to live openly in Brazil, completely untouchable
by the British authorities. While his status as a felon prevented Biggs from working, there was nothing to stop him profiting
from Scotland Yard's misfortune. As a result, "Ronnie Biggs" mugs, coffee cups and t-shirts suddenly started to
appear in tourist traps throughout Rio.
He spent the next three decades of his life as a fugitive and became something of a celebrity, despite having been a rather
minor figure in the actual robbery.
Supposedly, Biggs returned to England several times during the making of a documentary about the Great Train Robbery,
always in disguise. He also recorded vocals on two songs for The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle, Julien Temple's film about the
Sex Pistols. The basic tracks for "No One is Innocent" (aka "The Biggest Blow (A Punk Prayer)") and "Belsen
Was a Gas" were recorded with guitarist Steve Jones and drummer Paul Cook at a studio in Brazil shortly after the Sex
Pistols' final performance, with overdubs being added in an English studio at a later date. "No One is Innocent"
was released as a single in the UK and reached #6 on the British singles charts, with the sleeve showing Martin Bormann playing
bass with the group (in actuality this was American actor James Jeter).
In 1981, Biggs was kidnapped by a gang of adventurers who smuggled him to Barbados, hoping to collect some reward from
the British police. The coup was discovered, though, and Biggs made use of legal loopholes to have himself sent back to Brazil.
In February 2006, Channel 4 aired a documentary featuring dramatisations of the attempted kidnap and interviews with John
Miller, an ex-British Army personnel who carried it out. The team was headed by security consultant Patrick King. In the documentary,
King claims that the kidnapping may have in fact been a deniable operation.
Biggs' son by de Castro, Michael Biggs, eventually became a member of the successful band Turma do Balão Mágico, bringing
a new source of income to his father. In a short time, however, the band faded into obscurity and dissolved, leaving father
and son in relatively dire straits again.
In 1991, Biggs sang vocals for the song "Carnival In Rio (Punk Was)" by German punk band Die Toten Hosen.
In 2001 Biggs announced to The Sun that he would be willing to return to the UK.
Biggs was fully aware that he would be detained upon arrival in England. Even so, he returned voluntarily on May 7, 2001,
and was immediately arrested and re-imprisoned. His trip back to England on a private jet was paid by The Sun, which reportedly
paid Michael Biggs £20,000 plus other expenses in return for exclusive rights on the news story. Ronald Biggs had 28 years
of his sentence left to serve. Since his return he has undergone a number of health scares, including two heart attacks, and
has failed to get his sentence overturned or reduced.
His son said in a press release that contrary to some press reports, Biggs has not returned to the UK simply to receive
health care. Health care was available in Brazil and he had many friends and supporters who would certainly have contributed
to any such expenses. Biggs' stated desire was to "walk into a Margate pub as an Englishman and buy a pint of bitter".
On November 14, 2001, Biggs petitioned Governor Hynd of HMP Belmarsh for early release on compassionate grounds based
on his poor health. He had been treated four times at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Woolwich in less than six months. His
health was deteriorating rapidly and he asked to be released into the care of his son for his remaining days. The application
was denied.
On August 10, 2005, it was reported that Biggs had contracted MRSA. His lawyers, seeking for his release on grounds of
compassion, said that their client's death was likely to be imminent.
On October 26, 2005, the Home Secretary Charles Clarke declined his appeal stating that his illness is not deemed terminal.
Home Office compassion policy is to release prisoners with three months left to live. Biggs continues to need a tube for feeding
and has difficulty speaking.
On July 4, 2007, Biggs was moved from Belmarsh prison to Norwich prison on "compassionate grounds".
In December 2007, Biggs issued a further appeal, from Norwich prison, asking to be released from jail to die with his
family: "I am an old man and often wonder if I truly deserve the extent of my punishment. I have accepted it and only
want freedom to die with my family and not in jail. I hope Mr Straw decides to allow me to do that. I have been in jail for
a long time and I want to die a free man. I am sorry for what happened. It has not been an easy ride over the years. Even
in Brazil I was a prisoner of my own making
Fred West
Between 1967 and 1987, he and his wife Rosemary tortured, raped and murdered at least 12 young women, many at the couple's
homes. The majority of the murders occurred between May 1973 and September 1979 at the couple's home in Gloucester. Rose also
murdered Fred's daughter Charmaine while he was serving a prison sentence for theft. Most of the victims were lodgers who
lived relatively transient lives and whose disappearance would not attract great police attention, apart from the murder of
Lucy Partington, which did.Fred West was born in Bickerton Cottage, Much Marcle, Herefordshire, to Walter Stephen West and
Daisy Hannah Hill, a poor family of farm workers. He was the first of their seven children (Walter had been married before,
in 1937 at the age of 23 to Gertrude Maddocks, who died after apparently being stung by a bee in 1939).
It is believed that incest was an accepted part of the West household, and that Walter taught him bestiality from an early
age. Fred recalled, in police interviews, that his father had said on many occasions "Do what you want, just don't get
caught doing it". It has been rumoured that Fred's mother slept with her son on his 13th birthday, and as a result, he
lost his virginity to her.
Reginald "Reggie" Kray (24 October 1933 1 October 2000) and Ronald "Ronnie" Kray (October 24, 1933 17
March 1995) were identical twin brothers, and the foremost organised crime leaders dominating London's East End during the
1950s and 1960s. Ronald, commonly referred to as Ron or Ronnie, was bisexual in a period when it was illegal in the UK, and
suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. The Krays were involved in armed robberies, arson, protection rackets, violent assaults
including torture and the murders of Jack "The Hat" McVitie and George Cornell. As West End nightclub owners they
mixed with well-known names such as Diana Dors, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland as well as politicians. This gave them a perceived
respectability and in the 1960s became celebrities in their own right being photographed by the likes of David Bailey and
appearing in interviews on television.
They were eventually arrested on May 9, 1968 and convicted in 1969 by the efforts of a dedicated squad of detectives led
by Detective Superintendent Leonard ("Nipper") Read, and were both sentenced to life imprisonment.
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The elderly have a dominant role in fear of crime research and societal understanding of the fear of crime. Once the dispassionate
domain of academics and government researchers, the fear of crime has become a currency of political competition and a cultural
preoccupation.Before the 60s in a time before adequate crime victim surveys, it was assumed that the elderly were the category
of people at the highest risk of victimization. The myth of great elderly victimization included elderly suffering greater
financial and physical harm as a result of victimization, a greater amount psychological trauma as a result of crime and the
highest fear of crime in comparison to other members of the community. However with the publication of survey data results
in the 1980s, higher crime rates and more severe consequences for elders were no longer valid assumptions. Although the evidence
details the myths surrounding elderly victimization, the elderly still have a fear of crime problem. Studies have continually
found that persons over the age of 65 have the lowest victimization rates of any age group, yet they have the greatest fear
of crime, in addition the elderly are likely to encounter crime that is motivated by economic gain such as burglary and theft,
and least likely to suffer violent crimes.
Serial Killers & Mass Murderers
A serial killers suffer from Antisocial Personality Disorder and appear normal or charming, sometimes referred to as the "mask
of sanity." Sometimes there is a sexual element to the murders and they may have a commonality such as gender, occupation,
appearances, race, etc.
The term serial killer was coined in the 1970s due to cases such as Ted Bundy and David Berkowitz.
According to an FBI Behavioral Unit study 85% of the world's serial killers are in America. At any given time 20 - 50
unidentified active serial killers are at work continually changing their targets and methods.
Prostitutes, runaways, and others who lead transient and anonymous lives are usually not reported missing promptly and
receive little police or media attention. Experts speculate on what happens to unsolved cases of murderers. Some may commit
suicide, die, be incarcerated, in mental institutions, relocate, or stopped killing; a few turn themselves in.
FEMALE SERIAL KILLERS
Female serial killers have always been something of an anomaly in criminology and a puzzle for law enforcement. As Eric Hickey
(1991) describes them, "These are the quiet killers, every bit as lethal as male serial murderers, but we are seldom
aware of one in our midst because of the low visibility of their killing". One of the first writers on female criminality,
Otto Pollak, also said that most female crime is hidden. Kelleher & Kelleher (1998) argue that female serial killers are
more successful, careful, precise, methodical, and quiet in committing their crimes. They examined 100 cases since 1900 and
found an average duration of 8 years before being caught -- double that of the male serial killer. Alarid, Marquart, Burton,
Cullen et. al. (1996) conducted interviews with convicted female offenders and found 86% of them assumed a secondary follower
role during criminal events by either working with a male or female accomplice. On the other hand, feminists and people of
conscience maintain that the academic literature on female crime is fraught with misconception and that popular mythology
detracts from the real reality of women as victims of crime.
Top 10 Evil Serial Killers
WARNING: This article contains descriptions of murders and links to photographs of the victims bodies. These are not just
the standard notorious murderers; these are some of the most horrific killers to have been found guilty of their crimes. They
are on this list either because of the nature of their crime, or the sheer number of their killings. Graphic images are marked
with [!]. In no particular order:
The Bow Street Runners have been called London's first professional police force. They were founded in 1749 by the author
Henry Fielding and originally numbered just eight.
Similar to the unofficial 'thief-takers' (men who would solve petty crime for a fee), they represented a formalisation
and regularisation of existing policing methods. What made them different from the thieftakers was their formal attachment
to the Bow Street magistrates' office, and that they were paid by the magistrate with funds from central government. They
worked out of Fielding's office and court at No.4 Bow Street, and did not patrol but served writs and arrested offenders on
the authority of the magistrates, travelling nationwide to apprehend criminals.
When Henry Fielding retired as 'court' or Chief Magistrate in 1754 he was succeeded by his brother John Fielding, who
had previously been his assistant for four years. Known as the "Blind Beak of Bow Street", John Fielding refined
the patrol into the first truly effective police force for the capital, later adding officers mounted on horseback.
Although the force was only funded intermittently in the years that followed, it did serve as the guiding principle for
the way policing was to develop over the next eighty years: Bow Street was a manifestation of the move towards increasing
professionalisation and state control of street life, beginning in London.
Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified serial killer (or killers) active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel
area and adjacent districts of London, England in the late 19th century. The name is taken from a letter sent to the Central
News Agency by someone claiming to be the murderer.
The victims were women allegedly earning income as prostitutes. The murders were perpetrated in public or semi-public
places at night or towards the early morning. The victim's throat was cut, after which the body was mutilated. Theories suggest
the victims were first strangled in order to silence them and to explain the lack of reported blood at the crime scenes. The
removal of internal organs from three of the victims led some officials at the time of the murders to propose that the killer
possessed anatomical or surgical knowledge.
Newspapers, whose circulation had been growing during this era, bestowed widespread and enduring notoriety on the killer
owing to the savagery of the attacks and the failure of the police in their attempts to capture the murderer, sometimes missing
him at the crime scenes by mere minutes.
The Victorians had faith in progress. One element of this faith was the conviction that crime could be beaten. From the middle
of the nineteenth century the annual publication of Judicial Statistics for England and Wales seemed to underpin their faith;
almost all forms of crime appeared to be falling.
'...it was practice in the Metropolitan Police until the 1930s to list many reported thefts as lost property.'
There are, of course, serious problems with official statistics of crime. How far might they be massaged by the police
forces that collect and collate them? We know, for example, that it was practice in the Metropolitan Police until the 1930s
to list many reported thefts as lost property. How can we account for the 'dark figure' of crime that is never reported? Many
in the poorer sections of the Victorian community, who had little faith in, or respect for, the police, probably did not bother
to report offences. Nevertheless, unreliable as they may be, the statistics provide historians with a starting point for the
pattern of crime in the same way that they provided a starting point for the Victorian's own assessments of crime.
John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903 July 22, 1934) was an American bank robber, considered by some to be a dangerous criminal,
while others idolized him as a latter-day Robin Hood. He gained this reputation (and the nickname "Jackrabbit")
for his graceful movements during bank heists, such as leaping over the counter (a movement he supposedly copied from the
movies) and narrow getaways from police. His exploits, along with those of other criminals of the 1930s Depression era, such
as Bonnie and Clyde and Ma Barker, dominated the attentions of the American press and its readers during what is sometimes
referred to as the public enemy era, between 1931 and 1935, a period which led to the further development of the modern and
more sophisticated FBI.Dillinger embraced the criminal lifestyle behind bars, learning the ropes from seasoned bank robbers
like Harry Pierpont of Muncie, Indiana and Russell "Boobie" Clark of Terre Haute. The men planned heists that they
would commit soon after they were released. Once Dillinger was released from Indiana State Prison at Michigan City, he helped
conceive a plan for the escape of Pierpont, Clark and several others, most of whom worked in the prison laundry. The group
known as the "first Dillinger gang" included Pierpont, Clark, Charles Makley, Edward W. Shouse, Jr., of Terre Haute,
Harry Copeland, "Oklahoma Jack" Clark, Walter Dietrich and John "Red" Hamilton. Homer Van Meter and Lester
Gillis (a.k.a. Baby Face Nelson) were among those who joined the "second Dillinger gang" after he escaped from the
county jail at Crown Point, Indiana.
Among Dillinger's more celebrated exploits was his pretending to be a sales rep for a company that sold bank alarm systems.
He reportedly sauntered into a number of Indiana and Ohio banks and used this ruse to assess security systems and bank vaults
of prospective targets. Another time, the gang pretended to be part of a film company that was scouting locations for a "bank
robbery" scene. Bystanders stood and smiled as a real robbery ensued and Dillinger and friends rode off with the loot.
Stories such as this (doubtlessly embellished with each telling) only served to increase Dillinger's burgeoning legend which
the depression era tabloid press fanned with abandon.
Dillinger was believed to have been associated with gangs who robbed dozen banks of a total of more than $300,000, an
enormous sum in the Depression era, totaling nearly five million dollars inflation adjusted.
Born: Salvatore Lucania, In 1897, in Sicily, Italy
Moved to the United States in 1906.
At the age of 10, he was charged with his first crime, shoplifting.
His Early Years
1907, he began his first racket. He charged Jewish kids a penny or two for his protection to and from school. If they
refused to pay, he would beat them up.
One of the Jewish kids, Meyer Lansky, refused to pay. After Lucky failed to beat him up, they became friends and joined
forces in his protection scheme. They remained friends throughout their lives.
In 1916, Luciano became a leader of the Five Points Gang, after getting out of reform school for peddling narcotics. The
police named him as a suspect in several local murders although he was never indicted.
The 1920s
By 1920, Lucianos criminal endeavors strengthened and he got involved in bootlegging.
His circle of friends included such crime figures as, Bugsy Siegel, Joe Adonis, Vito Genovese, and Frank Costello.
By the late 1920s, he had become a chief aide in the largest crime Family in the country, led by Giuseppe "Joe the
Boss" Masseria. As time went on, Luciano became to despise the old Mafia traditions and thinking of Giuseppe, who believed
non-Sicilians could not be trusted.
Geographer Borden Dent, in his article Brief History of Crime Mapping, traces the origin of the mapping of crime to France,
where in 1829 Adriano Balbi and André Michel Guerry created maps that showed the relationship between violent and property
crimes and educational levels. Within a few decades this approach visually displaying differences in crime across geographic
unitshad spread to England and Ireland. In 1849, Joseph Fletcher created maps that showed the rate of male incarceration for
serious property and violent crimes across counties in England and Wales, and in 1861, Henry Mayhew presented a number of
maps displaying the English and Welsh county rates for a variety of crimes: rape, assault, bigamy, and abduction, among others.
These early maps are examples of choropleth maps that is, maps that display quantities of things in areas. More specifically,
in choropleth maps geographical areas are divided into multisided figures called polygons, which are then shaded depending
on the value of the variable being displayed. Balbi and Guerrys maps, for example, were shaded with crayon to show different
levels in education. More modern choropleth maps are familiar to anyone who followed the most recent election returns: a map
of the United States with each state shaded red or blue depending on the party of the senatorial victor is a very basic choropleth
map.
Sociologists, particularly those associated with the University of Chicago, began using mapping in the first few decades
of the 1900s. Among the earliest were Progressive Movement social work educators Sophonsiba Breckenridge and Edith Abbott,
who, in 1912, mapped where delinquent children had lived in Chicago over the period 1899 to 1903. This map, with each dot
standing for one home, is an example of a point map that is, a map in which points representing particular geographical locations,
be they addresses or XY coordinates, are the main data element.
Perhaps the best known maps in criminology were created by the Chicago School sociologists Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay,
who constructed a choropleth map using aggregations of addresses of close to 3,000 male delinquents in Chicago for the period
1927 to 1933. The map featured polygon shading to indicate rates of delinquency. Like Breckenridge and Abbott, Shaw and McKay
also constructed point maps of the locations of the homes of about 10,000 male delinquents who had come before the juvenile
court of Cook County in the years 1934 to 1940. Shaw and McKay noted that the spatial distribution of juvenile delinquents
homes remained fairly constant over these differing time spans, despite the fact that there was a high degree of residential
mobility in various areas of Chicago. Their work, with that of others, gave rise to the social ecology approach to studying
crime. This approach assumes that crime is to a large extent caused by community- and neighborhood-level variables, such as
land use, infant mortality rates, mental disorders, tuberculosis, and the percentages of minorities and families on social
assistance.
It is worth noting that all the maps described above were made without the benefit of computers. The underlying base maps
that is, the maps showing streets, roads, and other major features such as water and railroads had been drawn by hand. Each
point was located manually, and polygons were shaded using ink, pencil, or crayon. Creation of a single map could take many,
many hours of tedious labor. In one sense, crime mapping was an idea that arose before its time, before the requisite technology
was available. It illustrates what Sean Gilfillan in The Sociology of Invention defined as the uselessness of premature invention
an invention which for any reason did come before its time remains useless and undeveloped until its proper day dawns. The
proper day for crime mapping did not come until developments in computer technology made it feasible to run mapping programs
on relatively inexpensive desktop computers.
Prior to the widespread use of desktop computers, the few police departments who did crime mapping relied on primitive
techniques such as sticking thousands of pins into large maps attached to the wall. In his essay Geographic Information Systems
and Crime Analysis in Baltimore County, Maryland, Philip Canter describes the county's pin-mapping efforts as requiring twelve
maps and 70 square feet of wall to cover the entire area of the jurisdiction. While these maps were reasonably good for detecting
clusters of criminal activity, they did not permit more sophisticated analyses that incorporated other, non geographic factors,
such as modus operandi or time of offence.
Even with the advent of computers, generating a crime map was no small feat, as geographer and criminologist Keith Harries
has noted in Mapping Crime: Principle and Practice. Mapping with gigantic mainframe computers was still extremely labor-intensive.
First, there was the work involved in describing the boundaries of the map with numbered coordinates on punched cards. Then
came the labor of keypunching the cards, followed by a similar process of coding and keypunching to put the data on the map.
Such labor intensiveness meant that few police departments could afford to produce computerized crime maps. It wasnt possible
for most agencies to afford crime mapping until desktop computers became widely available in the mid-1980s to early 1990s
and microprocessor speed increased.
The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list arose from a conversation held in late 1949, during a game of Hearts between J. Edgar
Hoover, Director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, and William Kinsey Hutchinson, International News Service
(the predecessor of the United Press International) Editor-in-Chief, who were discussing ways to promote capture of the FBI's
"toughest guys." This discussion turned into a published article, which received so much positive publicity that
on March 14, 1950, the FBI officially announced the list to increase law enforcement's ability to capture dangerous fugitives.
The list itself has no particular ranking. This may be because the FBI does not want to promote competition between criminals
to gain the Number 1 spot. However, the FBI has in the past identified individuals by the sequence number in which each individual
has appeared on the list. Some individuals have even appeared twice, and often a sequence number was permanently assigned
to an individual suspect who was soon caught, captured, or simply removed before his or her appearance could be published
on the publicly released list. In those cases, the public would see only gaps in the number sequence reported by the FBI.
Individuals are removed from this list upon capture or death, and replaced by a new entry selected by the FBI. Individuals
can also be taken off the list should the charges against them be dropped. In five cases, the FBI removed individuals from
the list after deciding that they were no longer a "particularly dangerous menace to society".
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